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There is no written evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. Distinct educationists, scientists and philosophers at Distinct time intervals have put forwarded Distinct definitions of Educational Technology. Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process challenging people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from Distinct fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems complicated in all aspects of human learning.
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Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five stages.
The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials. The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual aids.
The second stage of educational technology is associated with the 'electronic revolution' with the introduction and preparation of sophisticated hardware and software. Use of assorted audio-visual aids like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television brought a revolutionary turn in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educational technology idea was taken in terms of these sophisticated instruments and equipments for efficient presentation of instructional materials.
The third stage of educational technology is associated with the improvement of mass media which in turn led to 'communication revolution' for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted education (Cai) used for education since 1950s also became beloved during this era.
The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The invention of programmed learning and programmed education in case,granted a new size to educational technology. A ideas of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged.
The latest idea of educational technology is influenced by the idea of ideas engineering or ideas advent which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in instruction. Agreeing to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.
Educational technology during the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age
Educational technology, despite the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age ideas periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.
Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, invent of assorted handcrafted weapon and utensils from stones and clothing institution were some of the easy technological developments of utmost importance. A fraction of Stone Age citizen industrialized ocean-worthy outrigger canoe ship technology to migrate from one place to an additional one across the Ocean, by which they industrialized their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean currents, weather conditions, navigation practice, astronavigation, and star maps. during the later Stone Age period (Neolithic period),for agricultural practice, polished stone tools were made from a variety of hard rocks largely by digging hidden tunnels, which can be thought about as the first steps in mining technology. The polished axes were so efficient that even after appearance of bronze and iron; citizen used it for clearing forest and the preparation of crop farming.
Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. Aged tools conserved in Distinct museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, mother Goddess from Laussel, France etc. Are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures.
Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the appearance of Bronze Age with improvement of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age citizen supplementary industrialized metal smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.
The Iron Age citizen replaced bronze and industrialized the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and economy than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the improvement of written scripts.
Educational technology during the period of Aged civilizations
According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and Aged cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to article and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by number of investigations and evidences. The more industrialized the culture, the more complicated became the technology of education designed to reflect particular ways of personel and public behaviour intended to run an educated society. Over centuries, each vital shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.
The most advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the Aged civilizations. These advances stimulated and educated other societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was settled in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished colse to the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under today's Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).
There is a long term controversy to be sure about the language that the Harappan citizen spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script. The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. citizen write their script with the direction generally from right to left. Most of the writing was found on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and valid & menagerial work.
Harappan citizen had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to invent a ideas of uniform weights and measures.
In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. In 2009, published in Science, computer scientists found that the Indus script's pattern is closer to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it codes for an as-yet-unknown language.
According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China consist of paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first step towards developments of educational technology by supplementary culturing Distinct handcrafted products of paper as means of optical aids.
Ancient Egyptian language was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, Distinct tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone monuments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter on provides the evidence of existence of many forms of artistic hieroglyphics in Aged Egypt.
Educational technology during Medieval and contemporary Period
Paper and the pulp papermaking process which was industrialized in China during the early 2nd century Ad, was carried to the Middle East and was spread to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences withhold that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the 12th century. The discovery of spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread manufacture process to a great extent and when Lynn White added the spinning wheel with expanding contribute of rags, this led to the yield of cheap paper, which was a prime factor in the improvement of printing technology.
The invention of the printing press was taken place in roughly 1450 Ad, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to transport the education as per the need of the complicated and advanced-technology cultured society.
In the pre-industrial phases, while manufactures was naturally the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon easy things like the slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was petite to a particular text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was thought about synonymous to easy aids like charts and pictures.
The year 1873 may be thought about a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An exhibition was held in Vienna at international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments.
Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally illustrious child trainer and the originator of Montessori method exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her improvement of graded materials designed to contribute for the allowable sequencing of branch matter for each personel learner. contemporary educational technology suggests many extension of Montessori's idea of ready child centered environment.
In1833, Charles Babbage's invent of a normal purpose computing gadget laid the foundation of the contemporary computer and in 1943, the first computing machine as per hi invent was constructed by International firm Machines Corporation in Usa. The Computer Assisted education (Cai) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was industrialized by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities.
In the starting of the 19th century, there were great changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (Bbc), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in manufacture sound contribution to formal education. In the Usa, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were quarterly daily programmes.
Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university industrialized a self-teaching machine called 'Drum Tutor' in 1920. Professor Skinner, however, in his illustrious article 'Science of learning and art of Teaching' published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to classroom procedures and suggested self-operating teaching devices as means of doing so.
Although the first practical use of quarterly television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes.
In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time. It is to be cared that in 1960, as a consequent of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the starting of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India.
During the time of colse to 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt. Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a petite later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass yield technology in America.
Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950's and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan.
In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from Usa introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I: Cognitive Domain".
In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in Usa.
Electronics is the main technology being industrialized in the starting of 21st century. Broadband Internet entrance became beloved and busy roughly all the important offices and educational places and even in common places in industrialized countries with the benefit of connecting home computers with music libraries and movable phones.
Today's classroom is more likely to be a technology lab, a room with rows of students using internet associated or Wi-Fi enabled laptops, palmtops, notepad, or maybe students are attending a video conferencing or virtual classroom or may have been listening to a podcast or taking in a video lecture. Rapid technological changes in the field of educational have created new ways to teach and to learn. Technological changes also motivated the teachers to entrance a variety of information on a global scale via the Internet, to improve their lessons as well as to make them competent professional in their area of concern. At the same time, students can use vast resources of the Internet to enrich their learning experience to cope up with changing trend of the society. Now a days students as well teachers are attending seminars, conferences, workshops at national and international level by using the multimedia techno-resources like PowerPoint and even they pursue a variety of important courses of their choice in distance mode via online learning ways. Online learning facility has opened infinite number of doors of opportunities for today's learner to make their life happier than ever before.
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