Showing posts with label System. Show all posts
Showing posts with label System. Show all posts

Mental Illness in the Prison System

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Should the mentally ill be placed in the mainstream population of a prison?

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How is Mental Illness in the Prison System

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Chances are you've never given much - if any - thought to this question. A paranoid schizophrenic kills someone because the voices in his head tell him that person is an alien trying to steal his brain. Is that schizophrenic safe in a prison? Are the other prisoners safe with him (or her) there?

A person suffering with severe bipolar disorder shoplifts an armload of clothing during an attack of acute mania. He or she is sent to prison, to co-exist with gangbangers, rapists, and murderers. Or, perhaps worse, to live in a solitary cell with no human interaction, for 23 out of 24 hours each day. The acute mania shifts to severe depression. What are the chances he or she will survive the prison term?

According to the U.S. Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 1998 approximately 300,000 inmates had some form of mental illness. A decade later, that number rose to 1.25 million.

The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) states that 16 percent of the prison population can be classified as severely mentally ill. This means that they fit the psychiatric classification for illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. However, the percentage skyrockets to as high as 50 percent when altered to include other mental illnesses, such as anti-social personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

Two major causes attribute to the rise of mentally ill inmates:

In the 1950s, the U.S. had 600,000 state run hospital beds for those suffering from any form of mental illness. Because of deinstitutionalization and the subsequent cutting of state and federal funding, the U.S. now has just 40,000 beds for the mentally ill. The inability to get proper treatment left this segment of our population vulnerable and, consequently, many of them now land in prisons.

Deinstitutionalization hasn't worked. All this has managed to do is to shift the mentally ill from hospitals to prisons - one institution to another. We have made it a crime to be mentally ill.

The largest psychiatric facility in the U.S. isn't a hospital; it's a prison. At any given time, Rikers Island in New York City houses an estimated 3,000 mentally ill prisoners. The average inmate population at Rikers Island is 14,000. One out of every 4 to 5 inmates at this prison suffer from mental illness.

Florida judge Steven Leifman, who chairs the Mental Health Committee for the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, states that, "The sad irony is we did not deinstitutionalize, we have reinstitutionalized-from horrible state mental hospitals to horrible state jails. We don't even provide treatment for the mentally ill in jail. We're just warehousing them."

What happens to the mentally ill in an overcrowded, violent prison system with little to no psychological counseling available?

In state prisons, the mentally ill serve an average of 15 months longer than the average inmate. The very nature of most mental illnesses makes it difficult to follow prison rules. These inmates are more likely to be involved in prison fights and they tend to accumulate more conduct violations.

Prison staff often punishes mentally ill inmates for being disruptive, refusing to comply with orders, and even for attempting suicide. In other words, these inmates are punished for exhibiting the symptoms of their illness.

Gaining parole is also more difficult for the mentally ill. Their disciplinary records are often spotty, they may have no family willing or able to help, and community services are usually inadequate.

In October 2003, Human Rights Watch released a report entitled Ill Equipped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness. Following two years of in-depth research, this organization found that few prisons have adequate mental health care services. Furthermore, it found that the prison environment is dangerous and debilitating for the mentally ill.

An excerpt from Ill Equipped:

"Security staff typically view mentally ill prisoners as difficult and disruptive, and place them in barren high-security solitary confinement units. The lack of human interaction and the limited mental stimulus of twenty-four-hour-a-day life in small, sometimes windowless segregation cells, coupled with the absence of adequate mental health services, dramatically aggravates the suffering of the mentally ill. Some deteriorate so severely that they must be removed to hospitals for acute psychiatric care. But after being stabilized, they are then returned to the same segregation conditions where the cycle of decompensation begins again. The penal network is thus not only serving as a warehouse for the mentally ill, but, by relying on extremely restrictive housing for mentally ill prisoners, it is acting as an incubator for worse illness and psychiatric breakdowns."

According to Fred Osher, M.D., director of the Center for Behavioral Health, Justice and Public Policy at the University of Maryland, the majority of mentally ill inmates are arrested for misdemeanors and crimes of survival. He states, "That's a whole host of folks who land in the criminal justice system because of their behavioral disorders."

Those on the fringe of society are primarily affected. These people are almost always impoverished and disabled by their illness. They have nowhere to turn, no one to help them, and so we toss them in prison. Even minor offenses keep them locked in prisons, since many cannot afford and/or do not know how to bond themselves out.

The recidivism rate among the mentally ill is higher than that among the general prison population. Prison has become a revolving door system for dealing with mental illness. By default, prisons have become the new mental hospitals. However, they lack the funding and the training to deal with these patient-inmates.

Ratan Bhavnani, executive director of the Ventura County chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness, states that, "In general, people with mental illness can recover when given the appropriate treatment rather than to be sent off to jail only to become more psychotic and come back and reoffend."

Michael Jung of Ventura, California suffers from bipolar and hears voices telling him that he is the devil. Over the past 10 years, Jung has been arrested a minimum of 15 times - all for relatively minor offenses. Earlier this year, Jung spent six weeks confined in G Quad, the unit where mentally ill inmates stay in their cells 23 out of the 24 hours in each day.

Cells such as those in G Quad are referred to as the "rubber rooms" because the walls are padded. There is no furniture in these rooms. The "toilet" is a grate in the floor. They are stripped naked and monitored via video camera. Inmates who are paranoid, delusional, or otherwise difficult to manage are often placed in this type of cell, whether for their own protection, the safety of the other inmates, or just plain convenience.

Susan Abril, a former inmate who suffers from bipolar disorder, was placed in this type of cell. During her confinement, Abril began hearing voices for the first time. "I didn't sleep," she said. "I mentally went insane being locked down 23 hours of 24."

We are essentially making the mentally ill inmates sicker, as well as ensuring their return to an already massively overcrowded prison system. Obviously our current system is not working. We cannot expect prison staff to function as psychiatrists. We also cannot expect the mentally ill to be "rehabilitated" in a mainstream prison system.

The Taxpayer Action Board for Governor Pat Quinn of Illinois cited annual savings in the tens of millions of dollars that could be gained by releasing thousands of non-violent offenders, closely monitoring them and providing substance abuse treatment, mental health counseling, education, job training, and employment opportunities.

For the most part, the mentally ill do not belong in prison. It would be cheaper (and smarter) for us as taxpayers to divert funding in order to provide adequate treatment programs to keep them out of prison.

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Shop Floor Management System = Flexibility + Profitability

Western Reserve - Shop Floor Management System = Flexibility + Profitability.
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In the face of manpower cutbacks and a greater need to keep an eye on the bottom line, how do manufacturers improve flexibility and profitability? By embracing real-time performance management-at least that's the consensus at Plant Engineering Live, an online portal that provides strategic manufacturing knowledge to help the plant manager operate efficiently, effectively and safely.

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How is Shop Floor Management System = Flexibility + Profitability

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And if you happen to be a factory floor manager, then a real-time data collection system that provides job tracking and factory floor control might be just the ticket to a roll-with-the-punches attitude and higher profits. In the face of a global recession, both of these benefits are welcome side effects on every shop floor.

The article went on to point out, "This [necessity of keeping tabs on their personnel and profits] is intensifying the need for companies to make key performance indicators (KPIs) visible across all levels of the operation to help provide that processes are operating correctly and assets are being effectively utilized."

When it comes to the factory floor, an Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) and finite scheduling system provides the underlying data for metrics and key performance indicators such as labor efficiency, bottleneck analysis, operation time standard analysis and OEE. Through a PC-based system that is completely interfaced with most ERP and MRP systems, it also:

1. Visually improves the sequencing of production (and raw materials)
2. Is a Time and Attendance System with online supervisor approval and rules to match a manufacturer's way of paying its employees
3. Can monitor machine cycle counts with a customizable human machine interface (HMI) that provides a real-time view of the factory floor for more accurate and timely asset analysis
4. Provides visible feedback and floor-level management

"While many companies have enormous potential for improving plant performance, they're challenged with collecting, organizing and analyzing the data needed to identify areas for improvement. By applying performance management solutions, organizations can simplify the information-gathering process, while providing the role-based visibility and in-depth analysis needed to make intelligent business decisions," the article continues.

Thanks to its touchscreen capabilities, a real-time data collection system simplifies factory floor managers' jobs with better scheduling, WIP tracking, data collection and time and attendance labor management. In sum, it provides them with a visual factory that is easy to see and, therefore, easy to control so that they can focus their attention on their bottom lines.

The article concluded, "Those companies that capitalize on these technologies will be the ones best positioned to reap continuous performance improvements and gain a substantial competitive advantage now and into the future."

Indeed, a shop floor management system not only allows manufacturers to take their manufacturing to new levels and improve the efficiency on their factory floors, it also enables them to compete on speed rather than cost. In addition, it delivers real-time, continuous improvement for greater profitability and faster delivery to customers.

In tangible metrics, implementation of a real-time factory floor data collection system can result in:
o 25% increase in productivity
o 50% reduction in inventory
o 50% reduction in work-in process
o 80% improvement in on-time delivery performance

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How to Optimize Your Child's Immune System

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Many people have asked me over the years what I recommend to help strengthen and protect children from getting serious infectious diseases. This article will cover several important aspects of strengthening your child's immune system. The major function of the child's immune system is to protect their little bodies against common childhood disease such as whooping cough, rubella, tetanus, typhoid, etc. infection, as well as colds and flu, herpes, hepatitis, etc. Reduced efficiency and poor performance of a child's immune system has many causes, among which are junk-food diets, devitalised, "chemicalised" as well as antibiotic-containing foods, environmental chemicals, medical drug use, passive smoking, stress, domestic issues, and under-nourishment or nutritional deficiencies - a very common cause of a child's immune deficiency.

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How is How to Optimize Your Child's Immune System

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Are you concerned about your child's poor immune status, does he or she continually get sick each fall and winter? Is there recurrent cough, asthma or eczema? Let's go over some of the following categories in more detail:

o Psychological: provide a stress free and loving home environment for your child
o Improve your child's digestion & bowel by avoiding drugs like antibiotics as much as possible.
o Improve the diet through reducing junk foods and known toxins, like aspartame.
o Remove potential offending allergy-stimulating foods - like dairy, wheat, etc.
o Stimulate the body's recovery with sound nutrition and appropriate supplementation.

Psychological factors and your child's immune system

I think that the immune system is a kind of a "tuning fork" that almost reflects the harmonics of the way children perceive their outer and inner environment, especially the first seven years - their formative years. From observing many children in clinical practice over the years, I have found that children of high sensitivity, without a "release mechanism" for their sensitivity, along with a less than strong constitution may well end up with a chronic immune disease issue as an adult. It is as if their immune system has now turned on them, after years of emotional as well as disease suppression. Observations in the clinic will tell you that certain children seem to develop certain types of health problems - depending on their sensitivity and personality as well as of course any inherited traits and characteristics.

American psychologist James Pennebaker, Ph.D. found that children who confide their feelings, traumas and secrets to parents, caregivers and their friends as well as to themselves have healthier psychological profiles, greater immune responses, and fewer incidences of acute or chronic illness. Are you a parent or caregiver who encourages your child to be assertive, to speak up - or do you repeatedly tell them to "shut-up" - with the old fashioned belief that children should be seen and not heard? Psycho-neuro-immunologist George Solomon, studied assertiveness, and his finding was that children who assert their needs and feelings have stronger immune responses, and the ability to overcome a wide range of diseases usually associated with immune dysfunction.

Is your child easily stressed, anxious, or unhappy for example after a divorce or separation? All too often we look at the physical body when it comes to our children's recurrent immune health issues - please don't forget that the emotional responses govern immunity to a huge extent. Happy kids are generally healthier kids. Recurring arguments or discord in the home may cause a sort of "background noise" in your child's psyche that produces low grade and sometimes continual form of stress - leading to a weakened immune system. You may get a report from the teacher at school that your child is more stressed or tense. These recurrent problems and arguments at home will often cause a disharmony in your child's little body that can make certain muscles tighten on themselves. This can commonly affect the muscular tubes of the bowels, for instance, resulting in problems with the digestive tract such as poor digestion and constipation, or the respiratory tract (the bronchial tubes) causing asthma or coughs, just to mention a few.

Do we really need antibiotics to "fight "disease in children?

It makes sense to use natural treatments for ear infections, viruses, sore throats, and coughs. Reserve the antibiotics for life-threatening diseases, such as meningitis and pneumonia, though these can be caused by viruses too, and then antibiotics are completely ineffective.

I have written about this many times before, I am still concerned at how many children receive antibiotics indiscriminately, and sometimes even for ridiculous instances like a small cut on the finger! The medical approach is still that bacteria, viruses and other various disease causing microbes attack us from out there, and that they, are the very causes of infection. Medicine disregards the fact that we share our own bodies with microorganisms which are hardier and more adaptable than we are. We have over 400 species of bacteria in our large intestine alone, if we kill one we may kill all - genocide.

The common symptoms of an acute infection are protective, even if they make you feel sick. Fever stimulates the production and activity of white blood cells, pain and fatigue are signals designed to immobilse the ailing body, conserving energy and decreasing the likelihood that the infection will be spread through contact with others. So do we really need antibiotics? Very occasionally (read very rarely) for life threatening conditions. The most frequent conditions for which doctors prescribe antibiotics are ear infections, particularly acute otitis media in young children (middle ear infection) In adults it would be for upper respiratory tract infections (colds), acute bronchitis, and sinusitis, with colds and bronchitis accounting for almost 30% of out of hospital antibiotic prescriptions.

One of the main reasons that antibiotics are routinely (over) prescribed is the medical belief that antibiotics will "prevent a complication" of acute otitis such as mastoiditis (infection of the mastoid bone, the part of the skull to which the ear attaches). In Holland, children older than one year of age are no longer treated with antibiotics for acute otitis media, antibiotic treatments were abandoned for such cases during the 1980's, yet the incidence of mastoiditis there has remained extremely low. One problem with antibiotic treatment of otitis is its inappropriateness use in children with chronic otitis, which is persistent fluid in the ears lasting for weeks, months, or even years. Although bacteria are usually present in the middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis, there is absolutely no evidence that antibiotics can "cure" this condition.

In my clinical experience, over three quarters of children with ongoing chronic otitis media have major unresolved food allergy problems; in fact, the appropriate elimination diet resolves the "infection" for 90% of such cases. This treatment fiasco for otitis media is a glaring example of the error that occurs when modern medicine seeks the cause of the illness in a microbe rather than in the characteristics of the actual little patient who presents with an illness.

Having seen so many children over the years with acute ear nose and throat problems, I can tell you categorically - antibiotics only hinder a child's recovery from an acute illness. My experience is that once you start your little ones on the "drug merry-go-round", you will find it hard to get out of this pharmaceutical fun park. I have never been there with my 4 kids, they always responded with any acute condition with basic herbs such as echinacea, goldenseal, astragalus, licorice, etc, also Omega 3 supplements and homeopathic medicines. And your children will respond as well, so please do consider the naturopath or your health food shop before rushing to the doctor with your child when they develop an acute ear, nose or throat infection.

Be wise - think before you immunise

The increasing incidence of allergic disorders in Western nations is now universally recognised, with studies now revealing that every third child in industrialised societies having an allergic disorder. In some areas the incidence of asthma has increased 200% in the past 20 years. Another survey showed a 46% increase in death rate nationwide from asthma between 1977 and 1991.

There is a school of thought that the so-called minor childhood illnesses of the past, including measles, mumps, rubella and chicken pox, infections organisms which entered the body through the mucous membranes, served a necessary and positive purpose in challenging and strengthening the immune system. In contrast, the vaccines of these diseases today with poisons such as thimersol (mercury) are injected by way of a needle directly into the system of the child, thereby bypassing the mucosal immune system. (the mouth, tonsils/adenoids, throat, etc) As a result, mucosal immunity becomes relatively weak and quite stunted in many children, complications of which may be the rapid increase in asthma, eczema, nasal allergies, food allergies, and a general pattern of sickness in today's kids.

Reports are now appearing from widely separated countries around the world in which vaccinated children were found to have significantly more allergic disorders than children with limited or no vaccines. You don't need to be a rocket scientist - simple observation has been throwing strong suspicion on childhood vaccines in their present numbers and applications as posing one of the major causes of the increasing pattern of sickness, allergies, autistic-spectrum disorders, and other neuro-behavioral problems now being seen all too frequently in our kids.

Avoid toxic chemicals

Try not to use commercial sunscreens, shampoos, or toothpaste on your children. Use sunscreens made with zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, and avoid chemicals with names you do not understand! Do you have tiny children who crawl? Then please always take your shoes off as you enter your home and make other family members and friends do the same. Not only does this prevent problems like tracking in chemicals as below, but it is much more hygienic in other ways (no animal droppings tracked in, no mud, etc.). An American Environmental Protection Agency study was done recently on the wearing of shoes in the home. They found that toxic herbicides commonly used on lawns for weed control are tracked into home interiors on the shoes (or bare feet) of anyone walking on a treated lawn for up to a week after the spraying. These chemicals can accumulate in carpet/rug dust up to 100 times as great as on the lawn itself. Removal of the shoes before entering the home reduced the residue by more than 90% (wiping the shoes reduced the herbicide carried in by up to 33%). The obvious concern in the home is that small children playing on carpets can breathe in the chemicals or ingest it when they put their fingers in their mouths. An study in one small community found that 23% of the children tested had toxic herbicides in their urine. Small children have less developed immune systems and are more susceptible to toxins of various kinds. You don't smoke inside, great, that's admirable, but please tell me why then do you still wear your outdoor shoes inside?

Dietary advice

Here are some foods to consider in your child's diet. Some of these foods are fine when consumed occasionally, but regarding the "not so good foods" it is best if you restrict them from the diet. Avoid pesticide laden foods wherever possible and try to go for organic. For proper integrity of their upper respiratory tract, children's diets should contain large amounts of natural vitamins A and C derived from fruits. For Vitamin C go for oranges, strawberries, peaches, carrot, cabbage, nectarines and vegetables (broccoli, carrots, squash, red bell peppers). Vitamin A is found in particularly in high amounts in egg yolk, kahawai, mackerel, trevally, butter, cheese and yoghurt.

Good food choices:
o Fresh fruits and vegetables if your children are willing, but you may need to change the way you cook and present vegetables at the table. Never give in, always challenge kids with different fresh vegetables - many love to eat raw carrot strips for example.
o Organic whole milk, (unpasteurised/unhomogenised) yogurt, and butter when possible (non-organic animal products may contain antibiotics, pesticides, and hormones)
o Organic chicken and turkey, as well as beef for the same reason. Fish, chickens, and eggs are good sources of omega-3 fats if the animals eat green plants and algae.
o Free range eggs: Eggs improve the function of the immune system due to the cell membrane strengthening effects of the phospholipids in eggs.
o Organic yoghurt: This only applies to the child who has no allergies to dairy products, particularly cow's milk. Yoghurt can either stimulate allergies, or boost immunity instead - so beware. Many studies have been performed to validate the therapeutic and preventive effects of yogurt and lactic acid bacteria on diseases such as ear nose and throat infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. The results of these studies, in general, support the notion that yogurt has a beneficial immuno- stimulatory effect on the child. There is a strong evidence that increased yogurt consumption may enhance the immune response, which would in turn increase resistance to immune-related diseases. When I say yoghurt, I don't mean the flavoured little pottles available in the supermarket - most contain loads of sugar and some even artificial sugars such as aspartame! So please do look at the labels.
o Whole grain products, (only if not wheat or gluten intolerant) e.g. breads, biscuits (contains more fiber and naturally occurring vitamins and minerals than enriched wheat and bleached white flour)
o Fresh garlic and ginger Include in cooking. They both stimulate numerous aspects of immunity, and children generally don't have the hang ups like adults about the "smell" that garlic has, and enjoy the pungent taste of ginger..

Not so good food choices:
o Soy milk (depletes calcium and impairs thyroid function) Go for rice milk instead if your child has a milk allergy, and if your child can tolerate milk go for organic whole milk.
o Corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup (cannot be metabolised) Read labels, many products are now sweetened with corn syrup, avoid them if you can.
o Partially hydrogenated fats in biscuits, muesli bars, crackers, and chips (promotes several aspects of allergic stimulation).
o Refined sugar Studies have shown that only one teaspoon of white sugar decreases white blood cell activity (neutrophils) by almost 40% only 5 minutes ingestion on the tongue. Avoid artificial sugars like aspartame, it was discovered in 2006 in Italy that there may well be a link with lymphoma and aspartame, and asthma is exacerbated by this toxin.
o Peanuts An allergenic food for many children. Does your child have immune and/or behavioral problems and eat plenty of peanut butter? Then stop and see what happens.
o Foods rich in artificial flavors and colors. Instead give them fresh fruits and any vegetables or vege juices they will swallow. Fresh juices are colourful and sweet, and most kids love them. Are you still giving your kids those sugary sachet drinks?
o Banana and pineapple. I have found that many children who are dairy intolerant in particular, seem to have some problems with these fruits. This is particularly so with eczema.
o Deep fried foods, e.g. Fish and chips (saturated fats help to promote allergies)
o Canned tuna fish (mercury exposure)

Supplements to boost your child's immunity

There are dozens of products you can give your child, and my advice for you is to get expert advice: from your naturopath or health food shop. This is an area where is it probably not good to self-prescribe.

Multivitamin and mineral formula

If your child is a fussy eater or doesn't eat a wide variety of foods, they may well benefit from a multivitamin and mineral formula. Your naturopath can recommend a good one for that suits your child's needs. If you choose not to give your child a multivitamin on a daily basis, you can use one when they are unwell, as their need for nutrients often increases during sickness. I prefer encapsulated multi vitamins over tabletted forms - better absorption.

Nutrients

It is not generally advisable to give several separate nutrients such as iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamins to boost your child's immunity, without consulting your health care professional such as your naturopathic physician.

Omega 3 - rich in DHA

Ii think it is a good policy to start giving Omega 3 when you start to light fires of heaters. When I was a child in Holland, it was customary to give halibut liver oil (gross!) when the months had the letter "r" in them, because they are the colder months.

Establishing the proper ratio of fats in a child's diet is one of the most important nutritional adjustments you as a parent can initiate. Many children we see in the clinic have a significant imbalance of fats, too much omega-6 fats (vegetable oils like canola) and trans fats (fried foods and hydrogenated fats), not enough omega-3 fats (fish, fish oils). This imbalance can significantly contribute to allergies, infections, and attention and behavioural problems in kids. Supplement kids' diets with the essential fatty acid DHA. A 250mg or 500 mg capsule of DHA rich or one teaspoon of fish oil per 25kg kgs of body weight will provide adequate omega-3 fats for your child. And remember, a multivitamin will make the Omega 3 work a lot better too.

Probiotics

I find that probiotics are one of the most beneficial supplements to give your child with any immune based problem. They are easily given - and most taste sweet, which improves compliance. They can help prevent and treat gastrointestinal infections by preventing the attachment of harmful bacteria to the wall of the digestive tract. The normal balance of bacteria in a child's body can be upset by various factors including; antibiotic use, chronic diarrhoea or constipation, lack of breastfeeding, gastrointestinal infection, and a caesarean birth, so children with any of these factors are especially good 'candidates' for probiotic supplements. Give twice daily for 10 to 14 days, before meals, with a little warm/tepid water.

I hope that you have found some of my recommendations useful. Ultimately, kids need good food and lots of love and attention. If you are prepared to look after their physical, emotional and psychological needs you are well on the way to nurturing healthy young people who in turn will grown into well balanced and healthy adults.

And isn't that what being a parent or caregiver is all about?

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Mental Illness in the Prison System

University Hospitals - Mental Illness in the Prison System

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Should the mentally ill be placed in the mainstream population of a prison?

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Chances are you've never given much - if any - thought to this question. A paranoid schizophrenic kills someone because the voices in his head tell him that person is an alien trying to steal his brain. Is that schizophrenic safe in a prison? Are the other prisoners safe with him (or her) there?

A person suffering with severe bipolar disorder shoplifts an armload of clothing during an attack of acute mania. He or she is sent to prison, to co-exist with gangbangers, rapists, and murderers. Or, perhaps worse, to live in a solitary cell with no human interaction, for 23 out of 24 hours each day. The acute mania shifts to severe depression. What are the chances he or she will survive the prison term?

According to the U.S. Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 1998 approximately 300,000 inmates had some form of mental illness. A decade later, that number rose to 1.25 million.

The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) states that 16 percent of the prison population can be classified as severely mentally ill. This means that they fit the psychiatric classification for illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. However, the percentage skyrockets to as high as 50 percent when altered to include other mental illnesses, such as anti-social personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder.

Two major causes attribute to the rise of mentally ill inmates:

In the 1950s, the U.S. had 600,000 state run hospital beds for those suffering from any form of mental illness. Because of deinstitutionalization and the subsequent cutting of state and federal funding, the U.S. now has just 40,000 beds for the mentally ill. The inability to get proper treatment left this segment of our population vulnerable and, consequently, many of them now land in prisons.

Deinstitutionalization hasn't worked. All this has managed to do is to shift the mentally ill from hospitals to prisons - one institution to another. We have made it a crime to be mentally ill.

The largest psychiatric facility in the U.S. isn't a hospital; it's a prison. At any given time, Rikers Island in New York City houses an estimated 3,000 mentally ill prisoners. The average inmate population at Rikers Island is 14,000. One out of every 4 to 5 inmates at this prison suffer from mental illness.

Florida judge Steven Leifman, who chairs the Mental Health Committee for the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, states that, "The sad irony is we did not deinstitutionalize, we have reinstitutionalized-from horrible state mental hospitals to horrible state jails. We don't even provide treatment for the mentally ill in jail. We're just warehousing them."

What happens to the mentally ill in an overcrowded, violent prison system with little to no psychological counseling available?

In state prisons, the mentally ill serve an average of 15 months longer than the average inmate. The very nature of most mental illnesses makes it difficult to follow prison rules. These inmates are more likely to be involved in prison fights and they tend to accumulate more conduct violations.

Prison staff often punishes mentally ill inmates for being disruptive, refusing to comply with orders, and even for attempting suicide. In other words, these inmates are punished for exhibiting the symptoms of their illness.

Gaining parole is also more difficult for the mentally ill. Their disciplinary records are often spotty, they may have no family willing or able to help, and community services are usually inadequate.

In October 2003, Human Rights Watch released a report entitled Ill Equipped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with Mental Illness. Following two years of in-depth research, this organization found that few prisons have adequate mental health care services. Furthermore, it found that the prison environment is dangerous and debilitating for the mentally ill.

An excerpt from Ill Equipped:

"Security staff typically view mentally ill prisoners as difficult and disruptive, and place them in barren high-security solitary confinement units. The lack of human interaction and the limited mental stimulus of twenty-four-hour-a-day life in small, sometimes windowless segregation cells, coupled with the absence of adequate mental health services, dramatically aggravates the suffering of the mentally ill. Some deteriorate so severely that they must be removed to hospitals for acute psychiatric care. But after being stabilized, they are then returned to the same segregation conditions where the cycle of decompensation begins again. The penal network is thus not only serving as a warehouse for the mentally ill, but, by relying on extremely restrictive housing for mentally ill prisoners, it is acting as an incubator for worse illness and psychiatric breakdowns."

According to Fred Osher, M.D., director of the Center for Behavioral Health, Justice and Public Policy at the University of Maryland, the majority of mentally ill inmates are arrested for misdemeanors and crimes of survival. He states, "That's a whole host of folks who land in the criminal justice system because of their behavioral disorders."

Those on the fringe of society are primarily affected. These people are almost always impoverished and disabled by their illness. They have nowhere to turn, no one to help them, and so we toss them in prison. Even minor offenses keep them locked in prisons, since many cannot afford and/or do not know how to bond themselves out.

The recidivism rate among the mentally ill is higher than that among the general prison population. Prison has become a revolving door system for dealing with mental illness. By default, prisons have become the new mental hospitals. However, they lack the funding and the training to deal with these patient-inmates.

Ratan Bhavnani, executive director of the Ventura County chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness, states that, "In general, people with mental illness can recover when given the appropriate treatment rather than to be sent off to jail only to become more psychotic and come back and reoffend."

Michael Jung of Ventura, California suffers from bipolar and hears voices telling him that he is the devil. Over the past 10 years, Jung has been arrested a minimum of 15 times - all for relatively minor offenses. Earlier this year, Jung spent six weeks confined in G Quad, the unit where mentally ill inmates stay in their cells 23 out of the 24 hours in each day.

Cells such as those in G Quad are referred to as the "rubber rooms" because the walls are padded. There is no furniture in these rooms. The "toilet" is a grate in the floor. They are stripped naked and monitored via video camera. Inmates who are paranoid, delusional, or otherwise difficult to manage are often placed in this type of cell, whether for their own protection, the safety of the other inmates, or just plain convenience.

Susan Abril, a former inmate who suffers from bipolar disorder, was placed in this type of cell. During her confinement, Abril began hearing voices for the first time. "I didn't sleep," she said. "I mentally went insane being locked down 23 hours of 24."

We are essentially making the mentally ill inmates sicker, as well as ensuring their return to an already massively overcrowded prison system. Obviously our current system is not working. We cannot expect prison staff to function as psychiatrists. We also cannot expect the mentally ill to be "rehabilitated" in a mainstream prison system.

The Taxpayer Action Board for Governor Pat Quinn of Illinois cited annual savings in the tens of millions of dollars that could be gained by releasing thousands of non-violent offenders, closely monitoring them and providing substance abuse treatment, mental health counseling, education, job training, and employment opportunities.

For the most part, the mentally ill do not belong in prison. It would be cheaper (and smarter) for us as taxpayers to divert funding in order to provide adequate treatment programs to keep them out of prison.

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How to Optimize Your Child's Immune System

Western Reserve Hospital - How to Optimize Your Child's Immune System

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Many people have asked me over the years what I recommend to help strengthen and protect children from getting serious infectious diseases. This article will cover several important aspects of strengthening your child's immune system. The major function of the child's immune system is to protect their little bodies against common childhood disease such as whooping cough, rubella, tetanus, typhoid, etc. infection, as well as colds and flu, herpes, hepatitis, etc. Reduced efficiency and poor performance of a child's immune system has many causes, among which are junk-food diets, devitalised, "chemicalised" as well as antibiotic-containing foods, environmental chemicals, medical drug use, passive smoking, stress, domestic issues, and under-nourishment or nutritional deficiencies - a very common cause of a child's immune deficiency.

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We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from this experience.

Are you concerned about your child's poor immune status, does he or she continually get sick each fall and winter? Is there recurrent cough, asthma or eczema? Let's go over some of the following categories in more detail:

o Psychological: provide a stress free and loving home environment for your child
o Improve your child's digestion & bowel by avoiding drugs like antibiotics as much as possible.
o Improve the diet through reducing junk foods and known toxins, like aspartame.
o Remove potential offending allergy-stimulating foods - like dairy, wheat, etc.
o Stimulate the body's recovery with sound nutrition and appropriate supplementation.

Psychological factors and your child's immune system

I think that the immune system is a kind of a "tuning fork" that almost reflects the harmonics of the way children perceive their outer and inner environment, especially the first seven years - their formative years. From observing many children in clinical practice over the years, I have found that children of high sensitivity, without a "release mechanism" for their sensitivity, along with a less than strong constitution may well end up with a chronic immune disease issue as an adult. It is as if their immune system has now turned on them, after years of emotional as well as disease suppression. Observations in the clinic will tell you that certain children seem to develop certain types of health problems - depending on their sensitivity and personality as well as of course any inherited traits and characteristics.

American psychologist James Pennebaker, Ph.D. found that children who confide their feelings, traumas and secrets to parents, caregivers and their friends as well as to themselves have healthier psychological profiles, greater immune responses, and fewer incidences of acute or chronic illness. Are you a parent or caregiver who encourages your child to be assertive, to speak up - or do you repeatedly tell them to "shut-up" - with the old fashioned belief that children should be seen and not heard? Psycho-neuro-immunologist George Solomon, studied assertiveness, and his finding was that children who assert their needs and feelings have stronger immune responses, and the ability to overcome a wide range of diseases usually associated with immune dysfunction.

Is your child easily stressed, anxious, or unhappy for example after a divorce or separation? All too often we look at the physical body when it comes to our children's recurrent immune health issues - please don't forget that the emotional responses govern immunity to a huge extent. Happy kids are generally healthier kids. Recurring arguments or discord in the home may cause a sort of "background noise" in your child's psyche that produces low grade and sometimes continual form of stress - leading to a weakened immune system. You may get a report from the teacher at school that your child is more stressed or tense. These recurrent problems and arguments at home will often cause a disharmony in your child's little body that can make certain muscles tighten on themselves. This can commonly affect the muscular tubes of the bowels, for instance, resulting in problems with the digestive tract such as poor digestion and constipation, or the respiratory tract (the bronchial tubes) causing asthma or coughs, just to mention a few.

Do we really need antibiotics to "fight "disease in children?

It makes sense to use natural treatments for ear infections, viruses, sore throats, and coughs. Reserve the antibiotics for life-threatening diseases, such as meningitis and pneumonia, though these can be caused by viruses too, and then antibiotics are completely ineffective.

I have written about this many times before, I am still concerned at how many children receive antibiotics indiscriminately, and sometimes even for ridiculous instances like a small cut on the finger! The medical approach is still that bacteria, viruses and other various disease causing microbes attack us from out there, and that they, are the very causes of infection. Medicine disregards the fact that we share our own bodies with microorganisms which are hardier and more adaptable than we are. We have over 400 species of bacteria in our large intestine alone, if we kill one we may kill all - genocide.

The common symptoms of an acute infection are protective, even if they make you feel sick. Fever stimulates the production and activity of white blood cells, pain and fatigue are signals designed to immobilse the ailing body, conserving energy and decreasing the likelihood that the infection will be spread through contact with others. So do we really need antibiotics? Very occasionally (read very rarely) for life threatening conditions. The most frequent conditions for which doctors prescribe antibiotics are ear infections, particularly acute otitis media in young children (middle ear infection) In adults it would be for upper respiratory tract infections (colds), acute bronchitis, and sinusitis, with colds and bronchitis accounting for almost 30% of out of hospital antibiotic prescriptions.

One of the main reasons that antibiotics are routinely (over) prescribed is the medical belief that antibiotics will "prevent a complication" of acute otitis such as mastoiditis (infection of the mastoid bone, the part of the skull to which the ear attaches). In Holland, children older than one year of age are no longer treated with antibiotics for acute otitis media, antibiotic treatments were abandoned for such cases during the 1980's, yet the incidence of mastoiditis there has remained extremely low. One problem with antibiotic treatment of otitis is its inappropriateness use in children with chronic otitis, which is persistent fluid in the ears lasting for weeks, months, or even years. Although bacteria are usually present in the middle ear fluid of children with chronic otitis, there is absolutely no evidence that antibiotics can "cure" this condition.

In my clinical experience, over three quarters of children with ongoing chronic otitis media have major unresolved food allergy problems; in fact, the appropriate elimination diet resolves the "infection" for 90% of such cases. This treatment fiasco for otitis media is a glaring example of the error that occurs when modern medicine seeks the cause of the illness in a microbe rather than in the characteristics of the actual little patient who presents with an illness.

Having seen so many children over the years with acute ear nose and throat problems, I can tell you categorically - antibiotics only hinder a child's recovery from an acute illness. My experience is that once you start your little ones on the "drug merry-go-round", you will find it hard to get out of this pharmaceutical fun park. I have never been there with my 4 kids, they always responded with any acute condition with basic herbs such as echinacea, goldenseal, astragalus, licorice, etc, also Omega 3 supplements and homeopathic medicines. And your children will respond as well, so please do consider the naturopath or your health food shop before rushing to the doctor with your child when they develop an acute ear, nose or throat infection.

Be wise - think before you immunise

The increasing incidence of allergic disorders in Western nations is now universally recognised, with studies now revealing that every third child in industrialised societies having an allergic disorder. In some areas the incidence of asthma has increased 200% in the past 20 years. Another survey showed a 46% increase in death rate nationwide from asthma between 1977 and 1991.

There is a school of thought that the so-called minor childhood illnesses of the past, including measles, mumps, rubella and chicken pox, infections organisms which entered the body through the mucous membranes, served a necessary and positive purpose in challenging and strengthening the immune system. In contrast, the vaccines of these diseases today with poisons such as thimersol (mercury) are injected by way of a needle directly into the system of the child, thereby bypassing the mucosal immune system. (the mouth, tonsils/adenoids, throat, etc) As a result, mucosal immunity becomes relatively weak and quite stunted in many children, complications of which may be the rapid increase in asthma, eczema, nasal allergies, food allergies, and a general pattern of sickness in today's kids.

Reports are now appearing from widely separated countries around the world in which vaccinated children were found to have significantly more allergic disorders than children with limited or no vaccines. You don't need to be a rocket scientist - simple observation has been throwing strong suspicion on childhood vaccines in their present numbers and applications as posing one of the major causes of the increasing pattern of sickness, allergies, autistic-spectrum disorders, and other neuro-behavioral problems now being seen all too frequently in our kids.

Avoid toxic chemicals

Try not to use commercial sunscreens, shampoos, or toothpaste on your children. Use sunscreens made with zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, and avoid chemicals with names you do not understand! Do you have tiny children who crawl? Then please always take your shoes off as you enter your home and make other family members and friends do the same. Not only does this prevent problems like tracking in chemicals as below, but it is much more hygienic in other ways (no animal droppings tracked in, no mud, etc.). An American Environmental Protection Agency study was done recently on the wearing of shoes in the home. They found that toxic herbicides commonly used on lawns for weed control are tracked into home interiors on the shoes (or bare feet) of anyone walking on a treated lawn for up to a week after the spraying. These chemicals can accumulate in carpet/rug dust up to 100 times as great as on the lawn itself. Removal of the shoes before entering the home reduced the residue by more than 90% (wiping the shoes reduced the herbicide carried in by up to 33%). The obvious concern in the home is that small children playing on carpets can breathe in the chemicals or ingest it when they put their fingers in their mouths. An study in one small community found that 23% of the children tested had toxic herbicides in their urine. Small children have less developed immune systems and are more susceptible to toxins of various kinds. You don't smoke inside, great, that's admirable, but please tell me why then do you still wear your outdoor shoes inside?

Dietary advice

Here are some foods to consider in your child's diet. Some of these foods are fine when consumed occasionally, but regarding the "not so good foods" it is best if you restrict them from the diet. Avoid pesticide laden foods wherever possible and try to go for organic. For proper integrity of their upper respiratory tract, children's diets should contain large amounts of natural vitamins A and C derived from fruits. For Vitamin C go for oranges, strawberries, peaches, carrot, cabbage, nectarines and vegetables (broccoli, carrots, squash, red bell peppers). Vitamin A is found in particularly in high amounts in egg yolk, kahawai, mackerel, trevally, butter, cheese and yoghurt.

Good food choices:
o Fresh fruits and vegetables if your children are willing, but you may need to change the way you cook and present vegetables at the table. Never give in, always challenge kids with different fresh vegetables - many love to eat raw carrot strips for example.
o Organic whole milk, (unpasteurised/unhomogenised) yogurt, and butter when possible (non-organic animal products may contain antibiotics, pesticides, and hormones)
o Organic chicken and turkey, as well as beef for the same reason. Fish, chickens, and eggs are good sources of omega-3 fats if the animals eat green plants and algae.
o Free range eggs: Eggs improve the function of the immune system due to the cell membrane strengthening effects of the phospholipids in eggs.
o Organic yoghurt: This only applies to the child who has no allergies to dairy products, particularly cow's milk. Yoghurt can either stimulate allergies, or boost immunity instead - so beware. Many studies have been performed to validate the therapeutic and preventive effects of yogurt and lactic acid bacteria on diseases such as ear nose and throat infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. The results of these studies, in general, support the notion that yogurt has a beneficial immuno- stimulatory effect on the child. There is a strong evidence that increased yogurt consumption may enhance the immune response, which would in turn increase resistance to immune-related diseases. When I say yoghurt, I don't mean the flavoured little pottles available in the supermarket - most contain loads of sugar and some even artificial sugars such as aspartame! So please do look at the labels.
o Whole grain products, (only if not wheat or gluten intolerant) e.g. breads, biscuits (contains more fiber and naturally occurring vitamins and minerals than enriched wheat and bleached white flour)
o Fresh garlic and ginger Include in cooking. They both stimulate numerous aspects of immunity, and children generally don't have the hang ups like adults about the "smell" that garlic has, and enjoy the pungent taste of ginger..

Not so good food choices:
o Soy milk (depletes calcium and impairs thyroid function) Go for rice milk instead if your child has a milk allergy, and if your child can tolerate milk go for organic whole milk.
o Corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup (cannot be metabolised) Read labels, many products are now sweetened with corn syrup, avoid them if you can.
o Partially hydrogenated fats in biscuits, muesli bars, crackers, and chips (promotes several aspects of allergic stimulation).
o Refined sugar Studies have shown that only one teaspoon of white sugar decreases white blood cell activity (neutrophils) by almost 40% only 5 minutes ingestion on the tongue. Avoid artificial sugars like aspartame, it was discovered in 2006 in Italy that there may well be a link with lymphoma and aspartame, and asthma is exacerbated by this toxin.
o Peanuts An allergenic food for many children. Does your child have immune and/or behavioral problems and eat plenty of peanut butter? Then stop and see what happens.
o Foods rich in artificial flavors and colors. Instead give them fresh fruits and any vegetables or vege juices they will swallow. Fresh juices are colourful and sweet, and most kids love them. Are you still giving your kids those sugary sachet drinks?
o Banana and pineapple. I have found that many children who are dairy intolerant in particular, seem to have some problems with these fruits. This is particularly so with eczema.
o Deep fried foods, e.g. Fish and chips (saturated fats help to promote allergies)
o Canned tuna fish (mercury exposure)

Supplements to boost your child's immunity

There are dozens of products you can give your child, and my advice for you is to get expert advice: from your naturopath or health food shop. This is an area where is it probably not good to self-prescribe.

Multivitamin and mineral formula

If your child is a fussy eater or doesn't eat a wide variety of foods, they may well benefit from a multivitamin and mineral formula. Your naturopath can recommend a good one for that suits your child's needs. If you choose not to give your child a multivitamin on a daily basis, you can use one when they are unwell, as their need for nutrients often increases during sickness. I prefer encapsulated multi vitamins over tabletted forms - better absorption.

Nutrients

It is not generally advisable to give several separate nutrients such as iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamins to boost your child's immunity, without consulting your health care professional such as your naturopathic physician.

Omega 3 - rich in DHA

Ii think it is a good policy to start giving Omega 3 when you start to light fires of heaters. When I was a child in Holland, it was customary to give halibut liver oil (gross!) when the months had the letter "r" in them, because they are the colder months.

Establishing the proper ratio of fats in a child's diet is one of the most important nutritional adjustments you as a parent can initiate. Many children we see in the clinic have a significant imbalance of fats, too much omega-6 fats (vegetable oils like canola) and trans fats (fried foods and hydrogenated fats), not enough omega-3 fats (fish, fish oils). This imbalance can significantly contribute to allergies, infections, and attention and behavioural problems in kids. Supplement kids' diets with the essential fatty acid DHA. A 250mg or 500 mg capsule of DHA rich or one teaspoon of fish oil per 25kg kgs of body weight will provide adequate omega-3 fats for your child. And remember, a multivitamin will make the Omega 3 work a lot better too.

Probiotics

I find that probiotics are one of the most beneficial supplements to give your child with any immune based problem. They are easily given - and most taste sweet, which improves compliance. They can help prevent and treat gastrointestinal infections by preventing the attachment of harmful bacteria to the wall of the digestive tract. The normal balance of bacteria in a child's body can be upset by various factors including; antibiotic use, chronic diarrhoea or constipation, lack of breastfeeding, gastrointestinal infection, and a caesarean birth, so children with any of these factors are especially good 'candidates' for probiotic supplements. Give twice daily for 10 to 14 days, before meals, with a little warm/tepid water.

I hope that you have found some of my recommendations useful. Ultimately, kids need good food and lots of love and attention. If you are prepared to look after their physical, emotional and psychological needs you are well on the way to nurturing healthy young people who in turn will grown into well balanced and healthy adults.

And isn't that what being a parent or caregiver is all about?

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